先來看一下美國區(qū)域電網(wǎng)圖。
接下來了解一下PJM。
PJM（Pennsylvania—New Jersey—Maryland)，即“賓夕法尼亞—新澤西—馬里蘭州”。
PJMINT.，L.L.C.(以下簡稱為PJM)是經(jīng)美國聯(lián)邦能源管制委員會(FERC)批準(zhǔn)，于1997的3月31日成立的一個非股份制有限責(zé)任公司，它實(shí)際上是一個獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營商(ISO)。
1997年4月1日，該區(qū)域輸電網(wǎng)正式開放，PJM開始運(yùn)營美國第一個基于投標(biāo)方式的區(qū)域電力市場。
PJM目前負(fù)責(zé)美國13個州以及哥倫比亞特區(qū)電力系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行與管理。作為區(qū)域性ISO，PJM負(fù)責(zé)集中調(diào)度美國目前最大、最復(fù)雜的電力控制區(qū)，其規(guī)模在世界上處于第三位。PJM控制區(qū)人口占全美總?cè)丝诘?.7%（約2300萬人），負(fù)荷占7.5%，裝機(jī)容量占8%(約58698MW)，輸電線路長達(dá)12800多公里。
RTO-Regional Transmission Organization（RTO區(qū)域輸電組織）
13個州 ﹢ 一個特區(qū)：→→→
特拉華，伊利諾斯，印第安娜，肯塔基，密歇根，新澤西，馬里蘭州，北卡羅來納州，俄亥俄州，賓夕法尼亞，田納西州，弗吉尼亞州的部分電力批發(fā)運(yùn)動，西弗吉尼亞州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)。
PJM服務(wù)區(qū)域地圖
PJM配電區(qū)域分布圖
PJM會員
932 PJMMembers
10 Ex-officio
Total =942
? Zongyi Solar America Co., Ltd.
? Generation Owner
? Voting Member
PJM運(yùn)營競爭的電力批發(fā)市場和管理的高壓電網(wǎng)
服務(wù)人口超過 61，000，000人。
裝機(jī)容量：185，000，000，000W。
高峰容量：165，492，000，000W。
傳輸線：62，556英里。
能量傳送：793，679，000，000度。
900多家發(fā)電，配送，能源銷售公司。
PJM高壓電網(wǎng)圖
接下來以新澤西為例，先來看一下“新澤西配電網(wǎng)公司分布圖”
新澤西第三方供電公司買電過程
? 在新澤西的任何電或天然氣客戶有權(quán)向第三方供應(yīng)商買電。
? 電力公用事業(yè)委員會授權(quán)給第三方供貨商賣電。
? 打電話給名單上的幾個供應(yīng)商，您可以比較他們的提供。提供你的公司最近的帳單歷史，讓供應(yīng)商知道你使用多少能量和使用模式是什么。
買電的三種選擇
? 固定：在這選項，客戶支付約定的價格設(shè)定，能源供應(yīng)在合同期限。固定價格合同可以幫助客戶如果在未來能源成本上升省錢。相反，如果能源成本下降，客戶可能會為此付出更多的固定價格。
? 浮動：也稱可變定價，此選項允許客戶的價格上漲或下跌的基礎(chǔ)上每月為它跟蹤電力。一般來說，客戶的價格是批發(fā)價的一個百分比，無論在哪個方向移動的批發(fā)價格。
? 混合：這個選項是一個組合的固定和浮動選項。在某些情況下，客戶支付的固定價格合同期的一部分，和一個浮動價格的剩余時間。在其他情況下，一個固定的價格，將適用于一部分客戶的供應(yīng)和價格有浮動，將適用于其他。
合同樣本
居民賬單是這個樣子的
工業(yè)賬單
最后看一下美國都有哪些電網(wǎng)公司和電力公司？
【附：美國電網(wǎng)公司名單】
List of US electric companies by state
Alabama
· AECO (Alabama Electric Company)
·Alabama Power, a part of the Southern Company
·PowerSouth EnergyCooperative, Inc.
·Tennessee Valley Authority, Wiregrass Electric Cooperative
Alaska
·Alaska Villages Electric Cooperative
·Chugach ElectricAssociation
· Copper Valley ElectricAssociation
·Golden Valley ElectricAssociation
·Kodiak ElectricAssociation
·Municipal Light &Power
Arizona
·Arizona Public Service
·Salt River Project
·Tucson Electric Power
·UniSource Energy Services
Arkansas
·Ellipsis
California
·Alameda Municipal Power
·Anaheim Public utilities
·Azusa Light & Water
·City of Palo Alto Utilities
·California Public Utilities Commission
·Bear Valley Electric
·Burbank Water & Power
·Colton Public Utilities
·Glendale Public Service Department
·Gridley Municipal Utilities
·Healdsburg Municipal Electric Department
·City & County of San Francisco
·Imperial Irrigation District
·Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
·Mountain Utilities
·Pacific Gas & Electric
·PacifiCorp
·Pasadena Water & Power
·Riverside PublicUtilities
·Sacramento Municipal Utility District
·Silicon Valley Power
·San Diego Gas & Electric
·Sierra-Pacific Power
·Southern California Edison
·Southern California Public Power Authority
·Surprise Valley Power
·Vernon Light & Power
·Valley Electric Association
Colorado
·Colorado SpringsUtilities
·Gunnison CountyElectric Association [GCEA]
·Holy Cross Energy
·Intermountain Rural Electric Association [IREA]
·La Plata ElectricAssociation [LPEA]
·Mountain ParksElectric Inc [MPEI]
·Sangre De Cristo Electric Association [SDCEA]
·San Isabel ElectricAssociation [SIEA]
·Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association Inc [TSGTA]
·United Power Inc
·Xcel Energy
Connecticut
·Ambit Energy
·Direct Energy
·Northeast Utilities (Connecticut Light & Power)
·Norwich Public Utilities
·United Illuminating
·Wallingford Electric
Delaware
·Ambit Energy
·Calpine
·Delmarva Power (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings, Inc.)
·City of Milford Electric Department
·Delaware Electric Cooperative, NRG Energy
District of Columbia
·Ambit Energy
·PEPCO
Florida
·Florida Power & Light
·Florida Municipal Power Agency
·Florida Public UtilityCompany Palm Beach
·Gainesville Regional Utilities
·Gulf Power, a part of the Southern Company,
·JEA
·Kissimmee Utility Authority
·Lakeland Electric
·Lake Worth Utilities
·LCEC
·Ocala Electric
·Orlando Utilities Commission
·Duke Energy
·City of Tallahassee utilities
·TECO
·Fort Pierce Utilities Authority (Fort Pierce, Florida)
Georgia
·Georgia Natural Gas
·Scana Energy
·Flint Energies
·Georgia Power, a part of the Southern Company
·Tennessee Valley Authority
·Oglethorpe Power Corporation
Hawaii
·Hawaiian Electric Industries (Hawaiian Electric Company (HELCO))
·Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC)
Idaho
·Avista Utilities
·IDACORP (Idaho Power)
·Clearwater Power
·PacifiCorp (Rocky Mountain Power)
·Kootenai Electric Cooperative
·Northern Lights
Illinois
·Ambit Energy
·Ameren
·Batavia MunicipalElectric
·Champion Energy
·ComEd
·Direct Energy
·Springfield City Water, Light & Power
·Corn Belt Energy
Indiana
·American Electric Power
·Duke Energy
·Indianapolis Power & Light
·Northern IndianaPublic Service Company
Iowa
·Interstate Power and Light Company (a part of Alliant Energy)
·MidAmerican Energy
Kansas
·Kansas City Board ofPublic Utilities
·Kansas City Power & Light
·Westar Energy
Kentucky
·American Electric Power
·Big Rivers Electric Corporation
·Duke Energy
·Henderson MunicipalPower and Light
·Kentucky Utilities
·Louisville Gas & Electric
·Owensboro MunicipalUtilities
·Tennessee Valley Authority
Louisiana
·CLECO
·Entergy
·SWEPCO (a subsidiary of American Electric Power)
Maine
·Emera (Bangor Hydro)
·Iberdrola USA (Central Maine Power)
Maryland
·Allegheny Power
·Ambit Energy
·Baltimore Gas & Electric
·Choptank Electric Cooperative
·Champion Energy
·Direct Energy
·Pepco Holdings (PEPCO, Delmarva Power)
·Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative
Massachusetts
·Ambit Energy
·Chicopee Electric Light
·Direct Energy
·Holyoke Gas and Electric
·Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company (MMWEC)
·Northeast Utilities (NSTAR, Western Massachusetts ElectricCompany/WMECO)
·National Grid (Nantucket Electric; Massachusetts Electric)
·Peabody Municipal Light Plant
·South Hadley Electric Light
·Westfield Gas & Electric
Michigan
·American Electric Power
·Consumers Energy
·DTE Energy (Detroit Edison)
·Xcel Energy
·Holland Board of Public Works
·Lansing Board of Water & Light
·Upper Peninsula Power Company
·We Energies
·Wyandotte Municipal Services
Mississippi
·Entergy MS
·Mississippi Power Company, a Southern Company
·South Mississippi Electric Power Association (and its 11 membercooperatives)
·Tennessee Valley Authority
Minnesota
·Alliant Energy
·Basin Electric Power Cooperative
·East River ElectricPower Co-op
·Great River Energy (and its 28 member cooperatives)
·Hutchinson UtilitiesCommission
·ITC Midwest
·L&O Power Co-op
·Minnesota Power
·Marshall MunicipalUtilities,municipal joint action (power supply) agencies including Missouri River EnergyServices
·Minnkota Power Cooperative (and its 11 member cooperatives)
·Otter Tail Power Company
·People’s Co-op
·Tri-County Electric, 125 municipally-owned electric utilitiesincluding Rochester Public Utilities
·Xcel Energy
Missouri
·Ameren
·Empire District Electric Company
·Independence Power andLight
·Kansas City Power & Light
·New-Mac Electric
·City Utilities of Springfield
Montana
·Big Flat Electric Cooperative
·Central MontanaElectric Power Cooperative
·Hill County Electric Cooperative
·MDU
·Montana ElectricCooperatives' Association
·Northwestern Energy
Nebraska
·Nebraska Public Power District
·Omaha Public Power District
Nevada
·NV Energy (Nevada Power
·Sierra Pacific Power)
New Hampshire
·Ambit Energy
·Northeast Utilities (including Public Service of NH)
·National Grid (including Granite State Electric)
·Unitil Corporation
New Jersey
·Ambit Energy
·Atlantic City Electric (A subsidiary of Pepco)
·Champion Energy
·Direct Energy
·FirstEnergy (Jersey Central Power and Light Company),
·Public ServiceElectric and Gas Company (PSE&G),
· Rockland Electric (A subsidiary of Orange and Rockland, which isa subsidiary of Consolidated Edison),
·Sussex Rural Electric Cooperative
·Vineland Municipal Electric Utility
New Mexico
·Farmington Electric Utility System
·Public Service Company of New Mexico
New York
·Ambit Energy
·CH Energy Group (formerly Central Hudson Gas & Electric)
·Consolidated Edison
·Citizens Choice Energy Jamestown BPU
·Direct Energy
·Green Island PowerAuthority
·Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)
·Champion Energy
·National Grid (Niagara Mohawk)
·New York Power Authority (NYPA)
·Iberdrola USA (New York State Electric & Gas (NYSEG);Rochester Gas & Electric)
·PSEG Long Island
North Carolina
·Dominion Resources (North Carolina Power)
·Duke Energy
·ElectriCities
·North CarolinaElectric Membership Corp.
·XOOM Energy
North Dakota
·Basin Electric Power Cooperative
·Central Power Electric Cooperative
·MDU
·Minnkota Power Cooperative
·Otter Tail Power Company
·Upper Missouri G&TCooperative
·Xcel Energy
Ohio
·American Electric Power
·Consolidated ElectricCooperative
·Dayton Power & Light
·Direct Energy
·Duke Energy
·FirstEnergy (Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, OhioEdison, Toledo Edison)
·South Central PowerCompany
Oklahoma
·Oklahoma Gas & Electric
·Public Service Company of Oklahoma (part of American Electric Power)
Oregon
·Ashland Electric
·Avista Utilities
·Canby Electric
·Columbia River PublicUtility District
·Emerald Public Utility District
·IDACORP (Idaho Power)
·Eugene Water & Electric Board
·PacifiCorp (Pacific Power)
·Portland General Electric
·Salem Electric
·Tillamook Public Utility District
·Wasco Electric
·West Oregon ElectricCooperative
·Umatilla Electric Company Hermiston EnergyServices
Pennsylvania
·Allegheny Power
·Ambit Energy
·Champion Energy
·Citizens Electric ofLewisburg
·Direct Energy
·Duquesne Light
·FirstEnergy (Penn Power, Met-Ed, Penelec)
·PECO
·PPL
·Pike County Light& Power Company
·Rural Valley Electric Co.
·UGI Utilities, Inc.
·Wellsboro ElectricCompany
Puerto Rico
·Autoridad de Energía Electrica
·EcoEléctrica
Rhode Island
·Ambit Energy
·National Grid (Narragansett Electric)
South Carolina
·Berkeley ElectricCooperative
·Central Electric PowerCooperative, Inc.
·Duke Energy
·Horry ElectricCooperative, Inc
·Santee Cooper
·South Carolina Electric & Gas Company
South Dakota
·Black Hills Power
·East River ElectricCooperative
·Montana-Dakota Utilities
·MidAmerican Energy
·Northwestern Energy
·Otter Tail Power Company
·Rushmore ElectricCooperative
·Xcel Energy
Tennessee
·Kingsport Power(Appalachian Power)
·Citizens Utilities Board
·Electric Power Board
·Jackson Energy Authority
·Knoxville Utilities Board
·Lenoir City UtilitiesBoard
·Memphis Light, Gas and Water
·Nashville Electric Service
·Tennessee Valley Authority
Texas
·American ElectricPower
·Ambit Energy
·Austin Energy
·Conservice Energy
·CPS Energy
·CenterPoint Energy
·dPi Energy
·Direct Energy
·Electric DatabasePublishing
·Champion Energy
·Coserv Electric
·Denton Municipal Electric
·Entergy
·First Texas EnergyCorporation
·Garland Power and Light
·GDF SUEZ Energy Resources
·Lower Colorado River Authority
·Luminant
·Reliant Energy
·Texas Electric ServiceCompany
·Think Energy
·Magic Valley
·Oncor Electric (Formerly TXU)
·Stream Energy
Utah
·Intermountain Power Agency
·PacifiCorp (Rocky Mountain Power)
Vermont
·Central Vermont Public Service Corp.
·Green Mountain Power
Virginia
·Allegheny Power
·Appalachian Power
·Danville Utilities
·Delmarva Power (subsidiary of Pepco Holdings)
·Dominion Virginia Power
·NOVEC
·Power Systems Electric
·Rappahannock ElectricCooperative
·Virginia Tech Electric
Washington
·Avista Utilities
·Benton Public UtilityDistrict
·Chelan County Public Utility District
·Cowlitz County PublicUtility District
·Douglas County Public Utility District
·Grant County Public Utility District
·Klickitat PublicUtility District
·Mason County PublicUtility District 3
·PacifiCorp (Pacific Power)
·Puget Sound Energy
·Seattle City Light
·Snohomish County Public Utility District (PUD)
·Tacoma Power
West Virginia
·Allegheny Energy
·Appalachian Power
·Wheeling Electric Power (AEP Ohio)
Wisconsin
·Dairyland Power Co-op
·We Energies
·Wisconsin Public Service Corporation
·Wisconsin Power and Light Company (a part of Alliant Energy)
·Madison Gas and Electric
·Xcel Energy
Wyoming
·Cheyenne Light, Fuel & Power
·High Plains Power
·Lower Valley Energy
·PacifiCorp (Rocky Mountain Power)
·High West Energy
【附：美國電力公司名單】
A
? AccionaEnergy
? AESCorporation
? AlabamaPower
? AlcoaPower Generating Inc.
? AlleghenyEnergy
? AlliantEnergy
? AlpenaPower Company
? AltaRockEnergy
? AlternativeEarth Resources
? AmbitEnergy
? Ameren
? AmericanElectric Power
? AmericanLight and Traction
? AmigoEnergy
? Aquila,Inc.
? ArizonaPublic Service
? Astonfield
? AtlanticPower Corporation
? Avista
B
? BaltimoreGas and Electric
? BearValley Electric
? BeltramiElectric Cooperative
? BlackHills Corporation
? BlackHills Power
C
? Calpine
? CapitalElectric Cooperative
? CarolinaPower & Light
? CassCounty Electric Cooperative
? CavalierRural Electric Cooperative
? CenterPointEnergy
? CentralIllinois Public Service Company
? CentralWest Public Service Corporation
? Chattanoogaand Tennessee Electric Power Company
? ChoptankElectric Cooperative
? Cinergy
? CirroEnergy
? CLECO
? CMSEnergy
? CobbElectric Membership Corporation
? Columbus,Delaware and Marion Railway
? CommerceEnergy
? CommonwealthEdison
? ConsolidatedEdison
? ConstellationEnergy
? ConsumersEnergy
? CovantaEnergy
D
? DakotaValley Electric Cooperative
? DirectEnergy
? DominionResources
? DPLInc.
? DQE
? DTEEnergy
? DTEEnergy Electric Company
? DukeEnergy
? Dynegy
E
? EasyEnergy of Massachusetts
? EdisonInternational
? EdisonMission Energy
? EdisonSault Electric Company
? ElPaso Electric
? ElPaso Power Company
? EmergenceBioEnergy
? Emissions& Generation Resource Integrated Database
? EmpireDistrict Electric Company
? EnergyFuture Holdings
? Entergy
? EntergyNew Orleans
? EPB
? EugeneWater & Electric Board
? EvergreenSolar
? Exelon
F
? FederalColumbia River Power System
? FirstEnergy
? FloridaPower & Light
G
? GDFSuez Energy Resources NA
? GenOnEnergy Holdings
? GeorgiaPower
? GexaEnergy
? GlendaleWater and Power Department
? GrandRiver Dam Authority
? GraniteState Electric Company
? GreatPlains Energy
? GreenMountain Energy
? GulfPower Company
? GulfStates Utilities
H
? HawaiianElectric Industries
I
? IberdrolaUSA
? IdahoPower
? IndianapolisPower & Light
? IntegrysEnergy Group
? IntermountainPower Agency
K
? KansasCity Power and Light Company
? KEMElectric Cooperative
? KentuckyUtilities
? KeySpan
? KinderMorgan Energy Partners
L
? LG&Eand KU Energy
? LongIsland Lighting Company
? LouisvilleGas & Electric
? Luminant
M
? MadisonGas and Electric
? MainstreamEnergy Corporation
? McKenzieElectric Cooperative
? McLeanElectric Cooperative
? MDUResources
? MGEEnergy
? MidAmericanEnergy Company
? MississippiPower
? MontanaPower Company
? Mor-Gran-SouElectric Cooperative
? MXenergy
N
? NaturalCurrents Energy Services
? NevadaPower Company
? NextEraEnergy
? NodakElectric Cooperative
? NorthAmerican Power
? NorthCentral Electric Cooperative
? NortheastUtilities
? NorthernPlains Electric Cooperative
? NorthernStates Power Company
? NorthWesternCorporation
? NRGEnergy
? NSTAR
? NuclearManagement Company
O
? O'BrienCogeneration Inc.
? OceanaEnergy
? OhioValley Electric Corporation
? OklahomaGas & Electric
? OldDominion Power
? Oliver-MercerElectric Cooperative
? OtterTail Corporation
P
? PacificGas and Electric Company
? PacifiCorp
? PalmettoElectric
? PandaEnergy International
? PECOEnergy Company
? Pepco
? PepcoHoldings
? PNMResources
? PortlandGeneral Electric
? PortlandRailway, Light and Power Company
? PPL(utility)
? PrismaEnergy International
? ProgressEnergy Inc
? PublicService Enterprise Group
? PugetSound Energy
Q
? Qualitrol
R
? ReedyCreek Energy Services
? RichlandElectric Cooperative
? RiverstoneHoldings
? GenOnEnergy
S
? SanDiego Gas & Electric
? SCANA
? SierraPacific Power Company
? SimplePower
? SouthernCalifornia Edison
? SouthernCompany
? SouthernMaryland Electric Cooperative
? StarTexPower
? StreamEnergy
? SummitPower
? SunEdisonLLC
T
? Tapoco
? TECOEnergy
? TennesseeValley Authority
? TeslaElectric Light & Manufacturing
? TexasGenco
? TucsonElectric Power
U
? U.S.Gas and Electric Inc.
? UGICorporation
? UnionElectric Company
? TheUnited Illuminating Company
? UNSEnergy
? UpperPeninsula Power Company
V
? Vectren
? VerdantPower
? VerendryeElectric Cooperative
W
? WestarEnergy
? WilliamsCompanies
? WisconsinEnergy Corporation
? WisconsinPublic Service Corporation
X
? XcelEnergy
（圖文根據(jù)張漪潮先生在第四屆現(xiàn)代能源發(fā)展論壇：能源市場化改革新局上的發(fā)言內(nèi)容整理而成）
