中國(guó)儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)訊：根據(jù)美國(guó)羅徹斯特理工學(xué)院的一個(gè)研究小組的調(diào)查研究表明，電池儲(chǔ)能不一定能幫助電網(wǎng)脫碳。在許多情況下，電池儲(chǔ)能還有可能增加煤炭消耗。
由RIT Golisano可持續(xù)性研究所的Naga Srujana Goteti領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，安裝在美國(guó)大陸中部獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營(yíng)商（MISO）電網(wǎng)上的電池儲(chǔ)能可能會(huì)增加煤炭消費(fèi)量，導(dǎo)致碳排放增加。
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)并不令人意外，因?yàn)槊禾渴荕ISO電網(wǎng)的主要發(fā)電的能源之一。但是在紐約州，煤炭是其發(fā)電組合的次要組成部分，如果天然氣價(jià)格很高，電池儲(chǔ)能仍可能導(dǎo)致排放增加。
該研究報(bào)告指出：“鑒于當(dāng)前天然氣價(jià)格低迷，增加儲(chǔ)能量會(huì)略微降低紐約州的碳排放量，同時(shí)增加美國(guó)大陸中部獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營(yíng)商（MISO）的碳排放量。如果儲(chǔ)能部署能夠使高排放的發(fā)電機(jī)（如煤電廠）替代天然氣等更潔凈的工廠，那么儲(chǔ)能部署將會(huì)增加碳排放。”
這個(gè)研究還研究了碳排放、發(fā)電組合和定價(jià)之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系。
由于研究中的電池在電價(jià)下跌時(shí)設(shè)置為充電，當(dāng)電力價(jià)格上漲時(shí)設(shè)置為放電，當(dāng)能源需求低時(shí)，它們會(huì)增加任何生成電源的消耗。例如，在像MISO這樣以煤電為主的電網(wǎng)中，夜間充電時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生額外的電力需求，即使提供風(fēng)力發(fā)電，燃煤的電力也會(huì)大大增加。這種燃煤的電力隨后在需求高峰期釋放，通常取代低碳天然氣。
因此，“以煤電為基礎(chǔ)的電網(wǎng)中，即使從可再生能源收取電力，儲(chǔ)能部署也會(huì)增加排放量?！盙oteti說(shuō)，“除非過(guò)量的可再生能源發(fā)電正在減少，并且可用于充電?！?
而這取決于燃料定價(jià)，即使在像紐約州的獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營(yíng)商管理的電網(wǎng)上，這種情況也可能存在，而在這種電網(wǎng)中，其發(fā)電主要是無(wú)碳能源。
紐約州的電力只有約3％來(lái)自煤炭，這意味著電池儲(chǔ)能的排放通常來(lái)自于天然氣。但如果天然氣價(jià)格從目前的2.60美元上升到每百萬(wàn)英熱單位5美元，將會(huì)首先采用煤炭發(fā)電，并最終用于儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)充電，導(dǎo)致整體排放量增加。
研究人員能夠粗略地計(jì)算出，在電網(wǎng)上需要多少可再生能源才能開(kāi)始削減排放量。在MISO的電網(wǎng)中，只有風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能的份額達(dá)到18％，儲(chǔ)能部署才能保持碳平衡。與紐約州一樣，這一水平對(duì)天然氣價(jià)格高度敏感。如果MISO的天然氣價(jià)格達(dá)到每百萬(wàn)英熱單位5美元，那么系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營(yíng)商需要從可再生能源中獲得35％的發(fā)電量，然后才能實(shí)現(xiàn)碳中和。
該研究評(píng)論說(shuō)，可再生能源發(fā)電要達(dá)到這種比例可能至少需要10年。
目前，MISO的太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電量可以忽略不計(jì)。大約7.6％的運(yùn)營(yíng)商電力來(lái)自風(fēng)力發(fā)電，另有3.3％來(lái)自其他來(lái)源的組合，包括水電和生物質(zhì)能，還有柴油。
報(bào)告總結(jié)說(shuō)：“天然氣價(jià)格的影響不利于儲(chǔ)能的經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境影響。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)儲(chǔ)能引發(fā)的零排放或負(fù)排放取決于目前較低的天然氣價(jià)格。然而，如果天然氣變得更加昂貴，儲(chǔ)能部署提供能源套利只會(huì)帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)上的意義，在這種情況下，儲(chǔ)能會(huì)促使更多地使用煤炭，增加系統(tǒng)排放?！?
雖然對(duì)于那些假設(shè)電池通過(guò)采用可再生能源而自動(dòng)減少排放量的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)研究可能會(huì)讓人清醒，但Goteti和她的同事們也發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種情況可能會(huì)隨著碳稅而發(fā)生根本變化。
研究報(bào)告稱(chēng)：“發(fā)電機(jī)排放的碳排放價(jià)格將轉(zhuǎn)變運(yùn)營(yíng)模式，即使在當(dāng)前的風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能能源情況下，儲(chǔ)能部署也能保持碳中性。”
調(diào)研機(jī)構(gòu)GTM Research公司高級(jí)能源存儲(chǔ)分析師Daniel Finn-Foley說(shuō)：“這取決于企業(yè)為什么要安裝儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。如果在MISO的電網(wǎng)添加儲(chǔ)能，那么其目標(biāo)是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)收入最大化，而不是限制溫室氣體減排。運(yùn)行儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)以提供另一種經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較低的服務(wù)，例如捕獲受限的風(fēng)力或?qū)⑻?yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)換到峰值時(shí)段發(fā)電，將產(chǎn)生不同的結(jié)果?！?
去年1月，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果不直接與可再生能源配套使用，家用電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)可能成為一個(gè)重要的碳排放源。（中國(guó)儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)獨(dú)家編譯，轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明來(lái)源）
原文如下：
Battery Storage Could Boost Coal Consumption
Why batteries on their own won’t necessarily slash carbon emissions.
Jason Deign February 26, 2018
Researchers warn about use of batteries without renewables.
More research shows that batteries aren't necessarily helping decarbonize the grid. In many cases, according to a team from the Rochester Institute of Technology, batteries are making it dirtier.
The team, led by Naga Srujana Goteti of RIT’s Golisano Institute for Sustainability, found batteries installed on the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) grid led to a net increase in carbon emissions, by increasing coal consumption.
The finding is not entirely surprising, since coal is one of the major generation sources on the MISO grid. But in New York, where coal is a minor component of the generation mix, batteries could still result in increased emissions if gas prices are high.
“With current low natural-gas prices, adding storage slightly reduces carbon emissions in New York, while increasing them in the Midcontinent ISO,” states the study.
“Storage increases carbon emissions when it enables a high-emissions generator, such as a coal plant, to substitute for a cleaner plant, such as natural gas.”
The study unpacks the complex relationship between emissions, generation mixes and pricing.
Because the batteries under study are set up to charge when electricity prices fall and discharge when the price rises, they increase consumption of whatever generation source is in use when energy demand is low.
In a coal-based grid such as MISO, for example, charging batteries at night creates extra electricity demand that will mostly be met by coal generation even if the wind is blowing.
This coal-based energy then gets released during peak demand periods, often displacing lower-carbon natural gas.
As a result, “in a coal-based grid, storage increases emissions even if you charge from renewables,” Goteti said, unless excess renewable generation is being curtailed and can be used for charging instead.
Depending on fuel pricing, this can hold true even on a grid like that managed by the New York Independent System Operator, where generation is predominantly carbon-free.
Only about 3 percent of New York’s electricity comes from coal, which means emissions from battery storage are usually a result of charging on natural gas.
But if the price of gas were to go up to $5 per million Btu, from the $2.60 level at the time of the study, coal would be dispatched first and could end up being used for battery-charging, leading to increased emissions overall.
The researchers were able to calculate roughly how much renewable energy would be needed on a grid for batteries to start cutting emissions. In MISO, storage would not be carbon-neutral until the share of wind and solar reached 18 percent.
As with New York, this level is highly sensitive to the price of natural gas. If gas were to go up to $5 per million Btu in MISO, the system operator would need to get 35 percent of its generation from renewables before storage could become carbon-neutral.
Such a percentage of renewable generation is likely to be at least a decade away, the study commented.
Currently, MISO has a negligible amount of solar generation; around 7.6 percent of the operator’s electricity comes from wind and a further 3.3 percent comes from a mix of other sources, including hydro and biomass but also diesel.
“The effect of natural-gas price leaves the economic and environmental effects of storage at odds,” concludes the report. “We have found that storage-induced emissions that are zero or negative depend on the currently-low natural gas prices.
“However, storage providing energy arbitrage only makes financial sense if natural gas becomes more expensive, in which case energy storage will induce greater use of coal generation, increasing system emissions.”
While the research may be sobering for those who assume batteries automatically cut emissions by mopping up renewable generation, Goteti and her colleagues also discovered that the picture could change radically with carbon taxes.
“A carbon price on emissions from generators would shift operation to make energy storage carbon-neutral even with current wind and solar capacities,” said the study.
At the end of the day, said Daniel Finn-Foley, senior energy storage analyst at GTM Research, “it depends on why you're installing storage. If you are adding storage in the MISO region then you're aiming to maximize revenue, not limit greenhouse gas emissions reductions.
“Operating storage to provide another less-economic service, such as capturing curtailed wind or shifting solar energy to times of peak use, would yield much different results.”
In January of last year, researchers showed that residential battery storage could be a significant source of emissions if not paired directly with renewable energy.
