中國(guó)儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)訊：隨著筆記本電腦和手機(jī)的爆炸式增長(zhǎng)，大部分儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的安全重點(diǎn)都集中在移動(dòng)應(yīng)用上。這些應(yīng)用中使用的鋰離子電池在尺寸和密度方面受到更嚴(yán)格的限制，可能導(dǎo)致更高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
固定儲(chǔ)能應(yīng)用通常比移動(dòng)應(yīng)用更安全，因?yàn)槠淇臻g的限制并不相同。但是在一些市場(chǎng)上，空間也可能成為固定儲(chǔ)能面臨的難問(wèn)題，特別是使用鋰離子電池的項(xiàng)目。
隨著新的安全協(xié)議的預(yù)期發(fā)布，2018年這樣的儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)得到更高的評(píng)價(jià)。
紐約的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
紐約市就是一個(gè)很好的例子。紐約消防局（FDNY）正在制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以確保電池儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目的安全安裝，但人口密度和官僚機(jī)構(gòu)重疊等因素使紐約成為儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目最具限制性的市場(chǎng)之一。
紐約消防局（FDNY）正與紐約州能源研究與發(fā)展局（NYSERDA）、美國(guó)消防協(xié)會(huì)、保險(xiǎn)公司，以及愛(ài)迪生聯(lián)合電氣公司合作，致力于制定電池安全的程序和協(xié)議。
紐約州能源研究與開(kāi)發(fā)局(NYSERDA)還與愛(ài)迪生聯(lián)合電氣公司合作制定聯(lián)合電池儲(chǔ)能安全計(jì)劃，旨在解決紐約消防局和負(fù)責(zé)審查儲(chǔ)能裝置應(yīng)用的其他機(jī)構(gòu)面臨的關(guān)鍵安全問(wèn)題。這一舉措是為了支持紐約州州長(zhǎng)安德魯?科莫(Andrew Cuomo)的能源愿景改革而開(kāi)展的，其愿景其中包括通過(guò)使用電池儲(chǔ)能來(lái)滿(mǎn)足電力高峰需求。
去年5月，紐約市布魯克林區(qū)部署了首個(gè)功率為300千瓦，電量為1.2兆瓦時(shí)的鋰離子電池項(xiàng)目。但是這個(gè)項(xiàng)目部署在室外，其消防安全問(wèn)題沒(méi)有得到解決。
紐約的擔(dān)憂(yōu)在存儲(chǔ)市場(chǎng)上有些獨(dú)特。其他司法管轄區(qū)有安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是他們的擔(dān)心一般還沒(méi)有上升到紐約的水平。這可能即將改變。
美國(guó)消防協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
美國(guó)消防協(xié)會(huì)剛剛制定完成了NFPA 855“固定式儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)安裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的草案。該草案可供公眾進(jìn)行評(píng)論。其最終稿將于2019發(fā)布和發(fā)表，最終版本將在2020年發(fā)布。
NFPA 855的發(fā)布將在美國(guó)全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)制定更嚴(yán)格的要求，并可能導(dǎo)致對(duì)封閉空間中的儲(chǔ)能位置的總規(guī)模得到限制。
“所有具有管轄權(quán)的機(jī)構(gòu)都將尊重和維護(hù)NFPA發(fā)布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范。事實(shí)上，他們會(huì)很高興，因?yàn)檫@樣他們可以自己的要求做出決定?！盌NV GL公司儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)總監(jiān)Davion Hill說(shuō)。
美國(guó)能源部也正在制定能源儲(chǔ)存安全路線(xiàn)圖。許多致力于制定固定儲(chǔ)能安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的小組的活動(dòng)正在由美國(guó)能源部桑迪亞國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室（Sania National Laboratory for DOE）開(kāi)展的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行，該項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)協(xié)調(diào)NFPA、國(guó)際規(guī)范委員會(huì)和IEEE等代碼設(shè)置機(jī)構(gòu)的工作，以及諸如DNV GL和FM Global等公司提供測(cè)試并有助于建立規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
私營(yíng)公司的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
一家在安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面具有廣泛影響力的私營(yíng)公司是美國(guó)保險(xiǎn)商試驗(yàn)所（UL），該公司在2014年發(fā)布了世界上第一個(gè)用于固定儲(chǔ)能的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)UL 9540。 UL 9540是其他組織（如NFPA）為制定消防安全或?yàn)榻ㄖ袠I(yè)部署儲(chǔ)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而制定的具體規(guī)范背后做了大部分工作的基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
UL能源和動(dòng)力技術(shù)首席工程師Ken Boyce表示， UL將一直致力于UL 9540的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作， UL最近發(fā)布了UL 9540A，這是一種評(píng)估電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)熱失控的測(cè)試方法。
熱失控是安全專(zhuān)家和消防人員最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題之一。當(dāng)電池系統(tǒng)中的火災(zāi)級(jí)聯(lián)失控時(shí)，可能會(huì)發(fā)生這種情況。
這是紐約市消防部門(mén)最為關(guān)心的問(wèn)題之一，同時(shí)還有在火災(zāi)中電池釋放爆炸性氣體的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)殡姵鼗馂?zāi)即使在被撲滅后也能重新點(diǎn)燃。
Boyce表示，UL的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在技術(shù)方面是不可知的。它們適用于所有形式的儲(chǔ)能。在實(shí)踐中，電池系統(tǒng)并不是唯一可以著火的儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。 2011年，Beacon Power公司在紐約的20兆瓦飛輪儲(chǔ)能設(shè)備曾經(jīng)發(fā)生爆炸。
安全不是障礙
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，Boyce表示并不會(huì)將安全問(wèn)題視為儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目發(fā)展的障礙。隨著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不斷發(fā)展，其發(fā)展將變得更加容易。他說(shuō)，“我們正在與紐約消防部門(mén)密切合作，我們希望看到這項(xiàng)技術(shù)向前發(fā)展。”
與此同時(shí)，Hill說(shuō)，NFPA 855將改變政府機(jī)構(gòu)允許制度的方式，因?yàn)榻^大多數(shù)制度默認(rèn)了NFPA，而不是自己制定的規(guī)則。事實(shí)上，盡管標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍然以草案的形式出現(xiàn)，一些利益相關(guān)者已經(jīng)從NFPA的發(fā)展標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中獲得指導(dǎo)。Hill說(shuō)，“2020年可能是儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目大規(guī)模開(kāi)發(fā)的起點(diǎn)?！?strong>（中國(guó)儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)獨(dú)家編譯，轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明來(lái)源）
Energy storage safety set to move forward in 2018 with new fire standards
New York City and the National Fire Protection Association are developing new safety standards, while UL is updating the world's first such requirements.
Author
Peter Maloney @TopFloorPower
Published
Jan. 2, 2018
Most of the focus on energy storage safety has been on mobile applications, given the spate of exploding laptop and phone batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries used in those applications are under tighter restrictions for size and density that can lead to higher risks.
Stationary storage applications are often safer than mobile uses because there are not the same space constraints. But in some markets, space can also be an issue for stationary storage, especially with projects that use lithium-ion batteries.
Such systems could get a higher profile this year with the expected release of new safety protocols.
New York standards
New York City is a prime example. The Fire Department of New York (FDNY) is working on drawing up standards to ensure the safe installation of battery storage projects, but population density and bureaucratic overlap still make New York one of the most restrictive markets for energy storage projects.
FDNY is collaborating with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), the National Fire Protection Association, insurance companies and Consolidated Edison. Together they are working to come up with procedures and protocols for battery safety.
NYSERDA also is working with Con Ed on a joint battery energy storage safety initiative that aims to answer critical safety questions confronting FDNY and other agencies that are responsible for reviewing applications for energy storage installations. The initiative was undertaken in support of Gov. Andrew Cuomo’s Reforming the Energy Vision, which, among other things, looks to reduce peak demand by using battery storage.
The city saw its first behind-the-meter installation last May — a 300 kW, 1.2 MWh lithium-ion battery project in Brooklyn. But that project is sited outside, where fire safety concerns are muted.
The release of NFPA 855 “will create more stringent requirements nationally” and could result in a cap on the total size of an energy storage location in an enclosed space.
Davion Hill
Energy Storage leader for the Americas, DNV GL
New York’s concerns have been somewhat unique in the storage market. Other jurisdictions have safety standards, but their concerns generally have not risen to the level of New York’s. That may be about to change.
National Fire Protection Association standards
The National Fire Protection Association has just completed a draft version of NFPA 855, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems. The draft is available for public comment. The final draft is scheduled for release and comment next year with the final version scheduled for release in 2020.
The release of NFPA 855 “will create more stringent requirements nationally” and could result in a cap on the total size of an energy storage location in an enclosed space.
“All authorities having jurisdiction respect and uphold NFPA. In fact, they will be glad because it relieves them of responsibility for deciding their own requirements,” Hill said.
Nationally, the Department of Energy is also working on an energy storage safety roadmap. The activities of many of the groups working to develop safety standards for stationary energy storage are being focused through programs run by Sandia National Laboratory for the DOE, which coordinates the efforts of code setting agencies such as the NFPA, the International Code Council and IEEE, as well as companies such as DNV GL and FM Global, which provide testing and contribute to establishing codes and standards.
Private standards
One private sector company with wide reach in safety standards is UL, which in 2014 published UL 9540, the world’s first safety standard for stationary energy storage. UL 9540 is the underlying standard behind much of the work being done by other organizations, such as NFPA, to draw up specific codes for fire safety or for deploying energy storage standards for the construction industry.
UL continues to work on UL 9540, Ken Boyce, principal engineer director for energy and power technologies at UL, told Utility Dive. UL recently released UL 9540A, a test method for evaluating thermal runaway in battery storage systems.
Thermal runaway is one of the chief concerns among safety experts and first responders. It can occur when a fire in a battery system cascades out of control.
It's a top concern for New York City fire officials, along with batteries outgassing explosive gases during a fire and battery cells that can re-ignite even after being extinguished.
Boyce says UL’s standards are agnostic with respect to technology. They apply to all forms of storage. And in practice, battery systems are not the only ones that can catch fire. In 2011, Beacon Power’s 20 MW flywheel energy storage facility in New York exploded.
Safety not a barrier
Overall, Boyce doesn’t see safety concerns as a barrier to energy storage development. As standards continue to evolve, development will become “easier and easier,” he said. “We are very engaged with authorities in New York, and we want to see this technology move forward.”
Meanwhile, Hill said NFPA 855 will change the way authorities permit systems because the vast majority of them default to NFPA rather than writing their own rules. In fact, he said some stakeholders are already taking guidance from NFPA’s developing standards. While the standards are still in draft form, “2020 may be the landing spot for projects that are just starting development today,” Hill noted.
