中國(guó)儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)訊：
The growth of renewable power generation is experiencing a remarkable surge worldwide. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), it is projected that by 2050, the share of wind and solar in the U.S. power-generation mix will reach 38 percent, which is twice the proportion recorded in 2019. The incorporation of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) into renewable energy systems offers various economic, technical, and environmental advantages.
全球范圍內(nèi)可再生能源發(fā)電的增長(zhǎng)正在經(jīng)歷顯著的增長(zhǎng)。根據(jù)美國(guó)能源信息署（EIA）的預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)計(jì)到 2050 年，風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能在美國(guó)發(fā)電結(jié)構(gòu)中的份額將達(dá)到 38%，是 2019 年記錄比例的兩倍。可再生能源系統(tǒng)中的儲(chǔ)能（CAES）具有多種經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)和環(huán)境優(yōu)勢(shì)。
What is Compressed Air Energy Storage?
什么是壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能？
By 2030, it is anticipated that renewable energy sources will account for 36 percent of global energy production. Energy storage systems will be instrumental in attaining this objective. Mechanical storage systems stand out among the available energy storage methods due to their reduced investment expenses, prolonged lifetimes, and increased power/energy ratings. Notably, commercialized large-scale Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) facilities have arisen as a prominent energy storage solution.
到 2030 年，預(yù)計(jì)可再生能源將占全球能源生產(chǎn)的 36%。儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)將有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。機(jī)械存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)因其投資費(fèi)用減少、使用壽命延長(zhǎng)以及功率/能量額定值提高而在可用的能量存儲(chǔ)方法中脫穎而出。值得注意的是，商業(yè)化的大型壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能（CAES）設(shè)施已成為一種重要的儲(chǔ)能解決方案。
Since the late 1970s, (CAES) technology has been commercially available. This energy storage system functions by utilizing electricity to compress air during off-peak hours, which is then stored in underground caverns. When energy demand is elevated during the peak hours, the stored compressed air is released, expanding and passing through a turbine to generate electricity.
自 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代末以來(lái)，(CAES) 技術(shù)已投入商業(yè)應(yīng)用。該儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的工作原理是在非高峰時(shí)段利用電力壓縮空氣，然后將空氣儲(chǔ)存在地下洞穴中。當(dāng)高峰時(shí)段能源需求增加時(shí)，儲(chǔ)存的壓縮空氣會(huì)被釋放，膨脹并通過(guò)渦輪機(jī)發(fā)電。
Traditional Compressed Air Energy Storage System Configurations
傳統(tǒng)壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)配置
CAES technology encompasses different types, including adiabatic systems and diabatic systems. The key distinction between these configurations lies in how they handle the heat generated during the compression process.
CAES 技術(shù)涵蓋不同類(lèi)型，包括絕熱系統(tǒng)和非絕熱系統(tǒng)。這些配置之間的主要區(qū)別在于它們?nèi)绾翁幚韷嚎s過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的熱量。
The diabatic CAES systems are the first-generation technology. In these systems, ambient air is compressed using a compressor train. The compression process generates waste heat, which is then dissipated to the surrounding environment through intercoolers. During the discharge phase, fuel is combusted to heat the air before its expansion in the turbines. This combustion process allows for the generation of electricity during peak demand periods. The adiabatic configuration of CAES has been under development since the late 1970s, aiming to address the limitations of diabatic CAES. This particular compressed air energy storage system focuses on effectively capturing and storing the waste heat generated during compression. The stored heat is then recycled to elevate the turbine inlet temperature of the compressed air during the discharge phase. As a result, the adiabatic CAES system aims to reduce or even eliminate the reliance on fossil fuels, offering a more sustainable energy storage solution.
非絕熱 CAES 系統(tǒng)是第一代技術(shù)。在這些系統(tǒng)中，使用壓縮機(jī)組壓縮環(huán)境空氣。壓縮過(guò)程產(chǎn)生廢熱，然后通過(guò)中間冷卻器消散到周?chē)h(huán)境。在排放階段，燃料燃燒以在空氣在渦輪機(jī)中膨脹之前加熱空氣。這種燃燒過(guò)程可以在高峰需求期間發(fā)電。 CAES 的絕熱結(jié)構(gòu)自 20 世紀(jì) 70 年代末以來(lái)一直在開(kāi)發(fā)中，旨在解決非絕熱 CAES 的局限性。這種特殊的壓縮空氣能量存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)專(zhuān)注于有效捕獲和存儲(chǔ)壓縮過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的廢熱。然后，儲(chǔ)存的熱量被回收，以在排放階段提高壓縮空氣的渦輪入口溫度。因此，絕熱 CAES 系統(tǒng)旨在減少甚至消除對(duì)化石燃料的依賴(lài)，提供更可持續(xù)的能源存儲(chǔ)解決方案。
Recent Developments in Novel Configurations of CAES
CAES 新穎配置的最新進(jìn)展
In addition to the adiabatic and diabatic configurations, two other types of CAES systems have been proposed: isothermal CAES (I-CAES) and supercritical CAES. The primary objective of I-CAES is to maintain stable compression and expansion temperatures of the compressed air during the charging and discharging processes, respectively. This is achieved by implementing a quasi-isothermal process.
除了絕熱和非絕熱配置之外，還提出了另外兩種類(lèi)型的 CAES 系統(tǒng)：等溫 CAES (I-CAES) 和超臨界 CAES。 I-CAES 的主要目標(biāo)是在充電和放電過(guò)程中分別保持壓縮空氣穩(wěn)定的壓縮和膨脹溫度。這是通過(guò)實(shí)施準(zhǔn)等溫過(guò)程來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
On the other hand, supercritical CAES involves compressing the air to a supercritical thermodynamic state, where the waste heat generated during compression is recovered and stored in a thermal energy storage system. The compressed air is then liquefied and stored in a dedicated cryogenic tank. During the discharge phase, the liquid air is re-gasified, heated using the stored thermal energy, and subsequently expanded through a turbine train to generate electricity, which can be supplied back to the grid. This process has an efficiency of around 68%.
另一方面，超臨界CAES涉及將空氣壓縮至超臨界熱力學(xué)狀態(tài)，其中壓縮過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的廢熱被回收并存儲(chǔ)在熱能存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)中。然后壓縮空氣被液化并儲(chǔ)存在專(zhuān)用的低溫罐中。在放電階段，液態(tài)空氣被重新氣化，利用儲(chǔ)存的熱能進(jìn)行加熱，隨后通過(guò)渦輪機(jī)組膨脹以產(chǎn)生電力，并可回饋電網(wǎng)。該過(guò)程的效率約為 68%。
Components and Operational Necessities
組件和操作必需品
The primary components of a conventional CAES plant cycle include a motor/generator with pulleys on both ends (to engage/disengage it to/from the compressor train, expander train, or both).
Multistage air compressors with intercoolers, which reduce the required power during the compression cycle, and an aftercooler, which reduces the required storage volume play a vital role in energy storage.
The next component is the control system for an expander train composed of high- and low-pressure turbo-expanders with burners between stages.
Accessories (fuel storage and management, refrigeration systems, mechanical systems, power systems, and heat exchangers).
Storage of pressurized air underground or aboveground, including piping and fixings.
傳統(tǒng) CAES 設(shè)備循環(huán)的主要組件包括兩端帶有滑輪的電動(dòng)機(jī)/發(fā)電機(jī)（用于將其與壓縮機(jī)組、膨脹機(jī)組或兩者接合/分離）。
帶有中間冷卻器的多級(jí)空氣壓縮機(jī)可減少壓縮循環(huán)期間所需的功率，而后冷卻器可減少所需的存儲(chǔ)體積，在能量存儲(chǔ)中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。
下一個(gè)組件是膨脹機(jī)組的控制系統(tǒng)，該膨脹機(jī)組由高壓和低壓透平膨脹機(jī)組成，各級(jí)之間帶有燃燒器。
配件（燃料儲(chǔ)存和管理、制冷系統(tǒng)、機(jī)械系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)、熱交換器）。
地下或地上壓縮空氣的儲(chǔ)存，包括管道和固定裝置。
Advantages
優(yōu)點(diǎn)
CAES is utilized to improve high-demand preservation, thus decreasing the electrical grid's burden. This enables energy providers to supply adequate power for the entire service area without producing additional energy during peak demand. CAES, when implemented on a lesser scale, can reduce reliance on the electrical infrastructure, thus decreasing energy costs and maintenance costs.
CAES 用于改善高要求的保護(hù)，從而減輕電網(wǎng)的負(fù)擔(dān)。這使得能源供應(yīng)商能夠?yàn)檎麄€(gè)服務(wù)區(qū)域提供充足的電力，而無(wú)需在高峰需求期間產(chǎn)生額外的能源。當(dāng)小規(guī)模實(shí)施時(shí)，CAES 可以減少對(duì)電力基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的依賴(lài)，從而降低能源成本和維護(hù)成本。
It can store energy for several hours to days, assuring a consistent power supply during periods of high demand or when intermittent resources are not producing. The use of CAES as a supplementary energy source contributes to the enhancement of power grid stability during periods of excessive electrical demand. In addition, these systems require relatively little upkeep compared to other methods.
它可以?xún)?chǔ)存能量數(shù)小時(shí)至數(shù)天，確保在高需求期間或間歇性資源不生產(chǎn)時(shí)保持穩(wěn)定的電力供應(yīng)。使用CAES作為補(bǔ)充能源有助于在電力需求過(guò)剩期間增強(qiáng)電網(wǎng)穩(wěn)定性。此外，與其他方法相比，這些系統(tǒng)需要的維護(hù)相對(duì)較少。
Limitations and Challenges
限制和挑戰(zhàn)
Despite such advantageous features, compressed air energy storage falls short owing to certain challenges and limitations. The scarcity of appropriate geological formations for underground caverns may hinder the extensive application of CAES. A viable geographical location is required for the integration of CAES with the energy production source. Additionally, compressing the air followed by the expansion processes in CAES systems leads to losses of energy due to thermal dispersion, thereby reducing overall efficiency.
盡管有這些有利的特征，但壓縮空氣能量存儲(chǔ)由于某些挑戰(zhàn)和限制而存在不足。地下洞穴缺乏合適的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造可能會(huì)阻礙 CAES 的廣泛應(yīng)用。 CAES 與能源生產(chǎn)源的整合需要一個(gè)可行的地理位置。此外，CAES 系統(tǒng)中壓縮空氣后進(jìn)行膨脹過(guò)程會(huì)因熱分散而導(dǎo)致能量損失，從而降低整體效率。
Even in the presence of such challenges, all over the world, CAES projects are underway. The Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Engineering Thermo-physics recently activated a 100 MW compressed air energy storage facility in Zhangjiakou, Hebei province. The facility is comprised of a multistage, high-load compressor, an expander, and a supercritical heat storage and heat exchanger with outstanding efficiency.
即使面臨此類(lèi)挑戰(zhàn)，世界各地的 CAES 項(xiàng)目仍在進(jìn)行中。中國(guó)科學(xué)院工程熱物理研究所近日在河北張家口啟動(dòng)了100兆瓦壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能設(shè)施。該設(shè)施由多級(jí)高負(fù)載壓縮機(jī)、膨脹機(jī)以及效率出色的超臨界蓄熱和熱交換器組成。
Market Assessment
市場(chǎng)評(píng)估
CAES appears to be a natural fit with the wind farms presently under construction. This is because CAES can operate on a brief enough time scale to balance out variations in the power grid that are triggered by wind fluctuations. The future market potential for compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems is substantial. Experts have published a report in Allied Market Research stating that the global compressed air energy storage market was worth $4 billion in 2021 and is expected to reach $31.8 billion by 2031, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 23.6% from 2022 to 2031. This is primarily because renewable energies are anticipated to gain market influence in the foreseeable future.
CAES 似乎非常適合目前正在建設(shè)的風(fēng)電場(chǎng)。這是因?yàn)?CAES 可以在足夠短的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)行，以平衡風(fēng)力波動(dòng)引發(fā)的電網(wǎng)變化。壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能（CAES）系統(tǒng)未來(lái)的市場(chǎng)潛力巨大。專(zhuān)家在聯(lián)合市場(chǎng)研究公司發(fā)表報(bào)告稱(chēng)，2021年全球壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能市場(chǎng)價(jià)值40億美元，預(yù)計(jì)到2031年將達(dá)到318億美元，從2022年到2022年將以23.6%的復(fù)合年增長(zhǎng)率（CAGR）擴(kuò)張。 2031年。這主要是因?yàn)榭稍偕茉搭A(yù)計(jì)將在可預(yù)見(jiàn)的未來(lái)獲得市場(chǎng)影響力。
Cost and Performance Assessment of CAES
CAES 的成本和性能評(píng)估
It is anticipated that CAES will dominate the energy storage market. According to calculations done by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a 1000MW CAES plant incurs the following costs:
預(yù)計(jì)CAES將主導(dǎo)儲(chǔ)能市場(chǎng)。根據(jù)太平洋西北國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室的計(jì)算，一座1000MW CAES電站的成本如下：
